For the PDF version of this article, including diagrams and/or equations, click here. In any off-line flyback converter design, it is possible that the output ...

I continue to be surprised by how many equipment designers are confused by UL circuit protection standards. In trying to meet conflicting standards, engineers may actually decrease the level of ...

A typical low-voltage variable-frequency drive. Industrial facilities commonly use variable-frequency drives (VFDs) to control the speed at which alternating current motors operate. Let’s examine a ...

Motors and their associated equipment must be protected against both overload and overcurrent (short circuit or ground fault). This function is usually split, with ...

A German research team has developed a semiconductor-based protection concept tailored to renewable energy systems that forces a permanent short circuit in less than 1 millisecond in the event of a ...

Have you ever wondered why a car’s city fuel economy is always lower than its highway fuel economy? Most cars spend a lot of time stopping or traveling at low speeds, especially in a city. Start-stop ...